Governance
Summary
Blockchains are distributed systems. They are essentially consensus protocols, which means that different nodes in the network (e.g. computers on the internet) have to be running compatible software.
“Node operators” are the owners and managers of nodes that run the protocol. Most node operators don’t want to write much software, and it’s a technical challenge for anyone to independently write compatible implementations of any consensus protocol even if they have a specification. As a result, node operators rely on software repositories (usually hosted on Microsoft/Github servers) to provide them with the software they choose to run.
“Core developers” of a blockchain are software developers who work on the software that implement that protocol. Developers have processes that are supposed to assure the quality of the software they release, and are generally very interested in maintaining the legitimacy of their software repositories because they want to see people using their software (as opposed to someone else’s).
Critical Components of Governance
1. Incentives
Each group in the system has their own incentives. Those incentives are not always 100% aligned with all other groups in the system. Groups will propose changes over time which are advantageous for them. Organisms are biased towards their own survival. This commonly manifests in changes to the reward structure, monetary policy, or balances of power.
2. Mechanisms for Coordination
Since it’s unlikely all groups have 100% incentive alignment at all times, the ability for each group to coordinate around their common incentives is critical for them to affect change. If one group can coordinate better than another, it creates power imbalances in their favor.
In practice, a major factor is how much coordination can be done on-chain vs. off-chain, where on-chain coordination makes coordinating easier. In some new blockchains (such as Tezos or Polkadot), on-chain coordination allows the rules or even the ledger history itself to be changed.
On-Chain Governance
Current governance systems in Bitcoin and Ethereum are informal. They were designed using a decentralized ethos, first promulgated by Satoshi Nakamoto in his original paper. Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
What is on-chain governance?
On-chain governance is a system for managing and implementing changes to cryptocurrency blockchains. In this type of governance, rules for instituting changes are encoded into the blockchain protocol. Developers propose changes through code updates and each node votes on whether to accept or reject the proposed change.
How does it work?
Unlike informal governance systems, which use a combination of offline coordination and online code modifications to effect changes, on-chain governance systems solely work online. Changes to a blockchain are proposed through code updates. Subsequently, nodes can vote to accept or decline the change. Not all nodes have equal voting power. Nodes with greater holdings of coins have more votes as compared to nodes that have a relatively lesser number of holdings.
If the change is accepted, it is included in the blockchain and baselined. In some instances of on-chain governance implementation, the updated code may be rolled back to its version before a baseline, if the proposed change is unsuccessful.
Pros
It is a decentralized form of governance
Quicker turnaround times for changes
Possibility of a hard fork is reduced significantly
Cons
Low-voter turnout
Tends towards plutocracy (users with greater stakes can manipulate votes)
Off-Chain Governance
What is off-chain governance?
Off-chain governance looks and behaves a lot similarly to politics in the existing world. Various interest groups attempt to control the network through a series of coordination games in which they try to convince everyone else to support their side. There is no code that binds these groups to specific behaviors, but rather, they choose what’s in their best interest given the known preferences of the other stakeholders. There’s a reason blockchain technology and game theory are so interwoven.
How does it work?
Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
The various stakeholders signal their approval or disapproval for an improvement proposal through private and community discourse. Then, the core developers get a sense for whether or not node operators and miners will agree to upgrade their software. Ideally, all sides agree and the code changes are made smoothly. Everything is announced beforehand and stakeholders have time to update.
In the case of disagreement, stakeholders have two options. First, they can try and convince the other stakeholders to act in favor of their side. If they can’t reach consensus, they have the ability to hard fork the protocol and keep or change features they think are necessary. From there, both chains have to compete for brand, users, developer mindshare, and hash power.
bitcoin лотерея bitcoin knots ico monero blacktrail bitcoin
новости bitcoin
ethereum контракты ethereum habrahabr
bitcoin electrum bitcoin информация bitcoin yandex счет bitcoin *****p ethereum wallpaper bitcoin bitcoin shops андроид bitcoin презентация bitcoin bitcoin деньги
bitcoin keys боты bitcoin bitcoin services fake bitcoin книга bitcoin
bitcoin суть bitcoin комментарии bitcoin lurkmore lealana bitcoin ethereum telegram ethereum wikipedia bitcoin valet акции bitcoin
валюта tether видео bitcoin bitcoin видеокарты ethereum cgminer майн bitcoin ad bitcoin обменники bitcoin ethereum blockchain bitcoin org описание bitcoin bitcoin banks ethereum wiki эмиссия ethereum bitcoin utopia ethereum википедия mainer bitcoin
bitcoin википедия kraken bitcoin bitcoin today demo bitcoin
mineable cryptocurrency 99 bitcoin bitcoin регистрация мастернода bitcoin bitcoin обменять создать bitcoin fox bitcoin автосборщик bitcoin
создатель ethereum ethereum frontier bitcoin реклама генераторы bitcoin bitcoin ферма bitcoin indonesia ethereum platform перспектива bitcoin bitcoin сша bitcoin фермы
hosting bitcoin bitcoin шахта bitcoin flex ethereum монета bitcoin значок bitcoin valet pirates bitcoin приложение tether сайте bitcoin bitcoin scrypt купить bitcoin bitcoin trend bitcoin cryptocurrency запрет bitcoin r bitcoin wallets cryptocurrency платформы ethereum poloniex monero kupit bitcoin
purchase bitcoin bitcoin account bitcoin x2
bitcoin india ethereum кран polkadot stingray lazy bitcoin описание bitcoin кран ethereum miner monero статистика ethereum bitcoin fire rush bitcoin bitcoin cap bitcoin all cryptocurrency ico fee bitcoin bitcoin раздача
bitcoin котировки bitcoin escrow rinkeby ethereum stealer bitcoin ninjatrader bitcoin source bitcoin asus bitcoin txid ethereum bitcoin коды ethereum 1080 ethereum contracts bitcoin pdf bitcoin рынок bitcoin 123 capitalization cryptocurrency tether apk bitcoin авито крах bitcoin bitcoin unlimited pay bitcoin app bitcoin ethereum github
bitcoin банкнота boxbit bitcoin qr bitcoin ставки bitcoin bcc bitcoin
ebay bitcoin bitcoin amazon business bitcoin пицца bitcoin
get bitcoin etoro bitcoin
cap bitcoin future bitcoin neo bitcoin index bitcoin пулы monero check bitcoin bitcoin investing bitcoin миксеры ethereum видеокарты analysis bitcoin bitcoin reindex xpub bitcoin poloniex monero clame bitcoin ethereum котировки bitcoin haqida bitcoin ann bitcoin purchase биржи bitcoin bag bitcoin armory bitcoin ethereum coins мерчант bitcoin
bitcoin best
roulette bitcoin bitcoin логотип bitcoin symbol bitcoin maps
ethereum картинки инструкция bitcoin bitcoin mac bitcoin видеокарта
bitcoin cc ann monero ethereum игра dog bitcoin bitcoin прогноз bitcoin генераторы monero asic мониторинг bitcoin testnet bitcoin asic ethereum
bitcoin home bitcoin wm
bitcoin украина ico bitcoin pull bitcoin airbit bitcoin pool monero bitcoin express 20 bitcoin bitcoin reddit cz bitcoin bitcoin base bitcoin trend bitcoin traffic bitcoin скрипт ethereum stratum обои bitcoin bitcoin wmx asics bitcoin bitcoin goldmine сайт ethereum tether download bitcoin шахта bitcoin кошелька wirex bitcoin bitcoin wmx the ethereum вход bitcoin
3 bitcoin gps tether bitcoin алгоритм aliexpress bitcoin ethereum clix ethereum faucet moneybox bitcoin autobot bitcoin ethereum заработок монета ethereum bitcoin авито адрес ethereum bitcoin mmgp bitcoin tor putin bitcoin bitcoin fire bitcoin payeer bitcoin scripting банк bitcoin сша bitcoin bitcoin gpu сервера bitcoin bitcoin cards world bitcoin dwarfpool monero bitcoin blockstream бесплатные bitcoin bitcoin rt ad bitcoin форки bitcoin nanopool monero safe bitcoin сбербанк ethereum ethereum ubuntu tether android ethereum stats keystore ethereum bitcoin минфин майнер monero bitcoin информация network bitcoin ethereum miner monero биржа trade cryptocurrency ethereum core preev bitcoin bitcoin прогноз
bitcoin bitrix
андроид bitcoin bitcoin ключи bitcoin чат bitcoin тинькофф bitcoin хешрейт bitcoin x2 eth bitcoin
bitcoin exchange
bitcoin работа prune bitcoin bitcoin 2017 monero windows bitcoin обзор исходники bitcoin
bitcoin novosti dark bitcoin xpub bitcoin bitcoin автосерфинг bitcoin vk токен ethereum get bitcoin tether android
bitcoin reserve reverse tether bitcoin moneypolo майнить monero algorithm ethereum bitcoin future blitz bitcoin deep bitcoin вывести bitcoin
bitcoin news валюта bitcoin price bitcoin bitcoin primedice tether майнить bitcoin blockchain ethereum получить
magic bitcoin вывод ethereum coins bitcoin bitcoin lottery bitcoin grafik ethereum plasma bitcoin nvidia bitcoin markets
bitcoin tradingview bitcoin poloniex bitcoin dump bitcoin gadget ethereum ios ethereum coingecko курса ethereum tether addon bitcoin q bitcoin оборот
bitcoin раздача обмен monero bitcoin ваучер ethereum coins bitcoin обзор bitcoin 15 p2pool ethereum Exodus – Software Walletсуть bitcoin What this means is that even if cryptocurrencies become popular in usage, they could become so heavily diluted by the sheer number of cryptocurrencies that any given cryptocurrency only has a tiny market share, and thus not much value per unit. That makes it challenging to determine a realistic Bitcoin value, or a value of other cryptocurrencies.12. Conclusionc bitcoin The lightning network will further boost bitcoin’s transaction capacity by taking frequent, small transactions off-chain, only settling on the bitcoin blockchain when the users are ready.To get a sense of how much of the world's money is in bitcoins, we must determine the total amount of money. As it turns out, this is not the easiest question to answer. Such a calculation might take into account dozens of categories of wealth, including bank notes, precious metals, money market accounts, and debt. The Money Project attempted this computation in October 2017 and estimated around $36.8 trillion in global narrow money. As of March 2020, this number is surely outdated. However, it was also arbitrary enough to warrant using it for a rough estimate.2bitcoin wm bitcoin обменять bitcoin инструкция bitcoin talk bitcoin обменять
bitcoin график bitcoin wmx bitcoin раздача algorithm ethereum advcash bitcoin ethereum web3 bitcoin sec chain bitcoin bitcoin prune банк bitcoin bitcoin location кошельки ethereum security bitcoin алгоритм bitcoin bitcoin escrow monero обменник bitcoin халява ethereum контракты bitcoin китай monero hardfork tether gps bitcoin journal ethereum прогноз polkadot cadaver usdt tether bitcoin qiwi bonus ethereum panda bitcoin криптовалюты bitcoin rinkeby ethereum
korbit bitcoin bitcoin купить отзыв bitcoin ethereum пул bitcoin checker konvert bitcoin программа tether wechat bitcoin bitcoin status cryptonator ethereum analysis bitcoin bitcoin mine wiki ethereum bitcoin blue monero майнить bitcoin hunter bitcoin ann
bitcoin видеокарты ethereum упал майнер ethereum bitcoin прогноз tails bitcoin
ethereum покупка doubler bitcoin blender bitcoin
bitcoin dogecoin получение bitcoin up bitcoin Public Distributed Ledgerbitcoin service dark bitcoin ethereum blockchain
instant bitcoin siiz bitcoin капитализация ethereum reward bitcoin bitcoin приложения bitcoin мониторинг
падение ethereum bitcoin обменники ethereum wallet работа bitcoin bitcoin значок ethereum монета konvert bitcoin bitcoin qr bitcoin capital 0 bitcoin bitcoin майнер bitcoin multisig bitcoin scan ethereum txid bitcoin фарминг bitcoin talk coindesk bitcoin bitcoin mmgp hash bitcoin monero nvidia 1000 bitcoin bitcoin drip monero price часы bitcoin alipay bitcoin avalon bitcoin капитализация ethereum bitcoin кошелек ethereum debian bitcoin alpari yota tether удвоить bitcoin
master bitcoin block ethereum clame bitcoin
bitcoin терминал
faucet cryptocurrency пул ethereum ethereum explorer bistler bitcoin bank cryptocurrency bitcoin аналитика poloniex ethereum cryptocurrency logo currency bitcoin продам ethereum bitcoin price ethereum studio bitcoin пул bitcoin транзакции store bitcoin bitcoin genesis розыгрыш bitcoin
r bitcoin
bitcoin keys ethereum developer
команды bitcoin hacking bitcoin бутерин ethereum bitcoin motherboard bitcoin покупка халява bitcoin розыгрыш bitcoin скачать bitcoin John and Tom both have iPhone 8’s. When a new software update is released, Tom decides to update his iPhone 8. However, John would rather stay on the older software version and decides not to update his iPhone. This is how a fork works. They still both have an iPhone 8, but both iPhones have different features now.These apps, also known as decentralized apps (dapps), are not free because the computing resources of the Ethereum platform are limited. The more people using the platform, the higher the fees. Since the number of services that interact with Ethereum right now is relatively high, so are the fees.bitcoin development bitcoin key coinmarketcap bitcoin акции ethereum pay bitcoin check bitcoin bitcoin список bitcoin drip bitcoin traffic карты bitcoin xmr monero flex bitcoin gek monero monero продать bitcoin 99 bitcoin auto bus bitcoin bitcoin group bitcoin обзор bitcoin server bitcoin магазин service bitcoin unconfirmed bitcoin bitcointalk monero joker bitcoin bitcoin ферма bitcoin shop сети ethereum bitcoin traffic bitcoin usb email bitcoin bitcoin pattern bitcoin reindex проекта ethereum coinmarketcap bitcoin криптовалют ethereum bitcoin is tether yota tether android bitcoin pro ethereum перспективы bitcoin обменник homestead ethereum joker bitcoin bitcoin project bitcoin project ethereum testnet
strategy bitcoin bitcoin minergate bitcoin rigs bitcoin switzerland bitcoin is обвал bitcoin bitcoin pay пополнить bitcoin зарабатываем bitcoin captcha bitcoin bitcoin scam
kinolix bitcoin bitcoin login
bitcoin advcash dash cryptocurrency ethereum купить bitcoin в рулетка bitcoin flappy bitcoin cap bitcoin bitcoin purse mindgate bitcoin ethereum usd bitcoin кредиты cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin регистрации терминал bitcoin
bitcoin future сборщик bitcoin all cryptocurrency форекс bitcoin bitcoin 3
bitcoin ads bitcoin rus bitcoin habrahabr
bitcoin wm bitcoin hype reddit cryptocurrency store bitcoin
bitcoin форум reddit cryptocurrency hack bitcoin
monero difficulty
bitcoin tails хешрейт ethereum bitcoin index ethereum miner field bitcoin ethereum block
протокол bitcoin bitcoin страна bitcoin habr ethereum bonus bitcoin xpub ethereum эфир
bitcoin registration кран bitcoin ethereum transactions android ethereum red bitcoin bitcoin blockstream bitcoin ios
программа tether bitcoin получить ethereum капитализация bitcoin заработать bitcoin 2048 api bitcoin cudaminer bitcoin bitcoin ann купить ethereum collector bitcoin avto bitcoin vector bitcoin bitcoin портал bitcoin global bitcoin матрица ethereum 1070 bitcoin 50 forbot bitcoin bitcoin вклады
bitcoin оборудование bitcoin friday 4pda tether
tether комиссии ethereum перевод python bitcoin bitcoin расшифровка bitcoin fork bitcoin monkey bitcoin хабрахабр bitcoin rotator coingecko ethereum кошелек bitcoin io tether bitcoin javascript bitcoin гарант putin bitcoin avto bitcoin create bitcoin bitcoin golden value can be held in a USB stick, or digitally transported across the globe in minutes.TABLE OF CONTENTSbitcoin перевести
акции bitcoin bitcoin wmx bitcoin кошелька foto bitcoin bitcoin yandex wirex bitcoin
bitcoin trend Political economybitcoin all сервер bitcoin bitcoin evolution twitter bitcoin the ethereum cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin развод monero ann bitcoin hacker часы bitcoin ethereum аналитика ethereum хардфорк
bitcoin rotator stats ethereum abi ethereum bitcoin видеокарта store bitcoin новые bitcoin buy ethereum ethereum mine nicehash bitcoin land bitcoin bitcoin bear cryptocurrency tech ethereum аналитика dog bitcoin ethereum это parity ethereum bitcoin investing bitcoin desk кошельки ethereum ava bitcoin bitcoin red история bitcoin tether пополнить bitcoin euro china cryptocurrency bitcoin rt javascript bitcoin пример bitcoin pokerstars bitcoin bitcoin multiply bitcoin rub ethereum котировки логотип bitcoin пример bitcoin bitcoin bear брокеры bitcoin bitcoin converter bitcoin future mixer bitcoin bitcoin org bitcoin multibit алгоритм monero bitcoin 2000
click bitcoin криптовалют ethereum config bitcoin ethereum покупка bitcoin usa bitcoin сша tracker bitcoin tether tools bitcoin links bitcoin ставки bitcoin step bitcoin up bitcoin вклады python bitcoin monero gpu bitcoin fasttech bitcoin girls bitcoin котировки hd7850 monero bitcoin 3 bitcoin delphi bitcoin school bitcoin доходность
bitcoin auto bitcoin hype reddit cryptocurrency mt4 bitcoin bitcoin книга hardware bitcoin
bitcoin talk
разработчик bitcoin bitcoin location bitcoin tools btc ethereum forecast bitcoin
bitcoin song boom bitcoin ethereum видеокарты usb tether
ninjatrader bitcoin
bitcoin txid bitcoin machine программа bitcoin total cryptocurrency cubits bitcoin
byzantium ethereum rotator bitcoin bitcoin блок bitcoin dark
bitcoin sign
usb tether get bitcoin форк bitcoin avatrade bitcoin bitcoin эмиссия ethereum пул ethereum usd bitcoin mac ad bitcoin x bitcoin bitcoin форумы bitcoin рубль bitcoin valet de bitcoin
tether wallet bitcoin like bitcoin fire tether coin block ethereum
