IS BITCOIN A TRIPLE ENTRY SYSTEM?
On 13/06/11 12:56 PM, James A. Donald wrote:
> On 2011-06-12 8:57 AM, Ian G wrote:
> > I wrote a paper about John Levine's observation of low knowledge, way
> > back in 2000, called "Financial Cryptography in 7 Layers." The sort of
> > unstated thesis of this paper was that in order to understand this area
> > you had to become very multi-discipline, you had to understand up to 7
> > general areas. And that made it very hard, because most of the digital
> > cash startups lacked some of the disciplines.
>
> One of the layers you mention is accounting.
Yes, so back to crypto, or at least financial cryptography.
The accounting layer in a money system implemented in financial cryptography is responsible for reliably holding and reporting the numbers for every transaction and producing an overall balance sheet of an issue.
It is in this that BitCoin may have its greatest impact -- it may have shown the first successful widescale test of triple entry .
Triple entry is a simple idea, albeit revolutionary to accounting. A triple entry transaction is a 3 party one, in which Alice pays Bob and Ivan intermediates. Each holds the transaction, making for triple copies.
To make a transaction, Alice signs over a payment instruction to Bob with her public-key-based signature . Ivan the issuer then packages the payment request into a receipt, and that receipt becomes the transaction.
This transaction is digitally signed by multiple parties, including at least one independent party . It then becomes a powerful evidence of the transaction .
The final receipt *is the entry*. Then, the *collection of signed receipts* becomes the accounts, in accounting terms. Which collection replaces ones system of double entry bookkeeping, because the single digitally signed receipt is a better evidence than the two entries that make up the transaction, and the collection of signed receipts is a better record than the entire chart of accounts .
A slight diversion to classical bookkeeping, as replacing double entry bookkeeping is a revolutionary idea. Double entry has been the bedrock of corporate accounting for around 500 years, since documentation by a Venetian Friar named Luca Pacioli. The reason is important, very important, and may resonate with cryptographers, so let's digress to there.
Double entry achieves the remarkable trick of separating out mishaps from frauds. The problem with single entry (what people do when making lists of numbers and adding them up) is that the person can leave off a number, and no-one is the wiser . We can't show the person as either a bad bookkeeper or as a fraudulent bookkeeper. This achilles heel of primitive accounting meant that the bookkeeping limited the business to the size with which it could maintain honest bookkeepers.
Where, honest bookkeepers equals family members. All others, typically, stole the boss's money. (Family members did too, but at least for the good of the family.) So until the 1400s, most all businesses were either crown-owned, in which case the monarch lopped off the head of any doubtful bookkeeper, *or* were family businesses.
The widespread adoption of double-entry through the Italian trading ports led to the growth of business beyond the limits of family. Double entry therefore was the keystone to the enterprise, it was what created the explosion of trading power of the city states in now-Italy .
Back to triple entry. The digitally signed receipt dominates the two entries of double entry because it is exportable, independently verifiable, and far easier for computers to work with. Double entry requires a single site to verify presence and preserve resiliance, the signed receipt does not.
There is only one area where a signed receipt falls short of complete evidence and that is when a digital piece of evidence can be lost. For this reason, all three of Alice, Bob and Ivan keep hold of a copy. All three combined have the incentive to preserve it; the three will police each other.
Back to BitCoin. BitCoin achieves the issuer part by creating a distributed and published database over clients that conspire to record the transactions reliably. The idea of publishing the repository to make it honest was initially explored in Todd Boyle's netledger design.
We each independently converged on the concept of triple entry. I believe that is because it is the optimal way to make digital value work on the net; even when Nakomoto set such hard requirements as no centralised issuer, he still seems to have ended up at the same point: Alice, Bob and something I'll call Ivan-Borg holding single, replicated copies of the cryptographically sealed transaction.
With that foundation, we can trade.
> Recall that in 2005
> November, it became widely known that toxic assets were toxic.
In 2005, the SEC looked at my triple entry implementation, and....
> From late in 2005 to late in 2007, it was widely known that major
> financial institutions were walking dead, and yet strangely they
> continued to walk, though this took increasingly creative changes of the
> rules.
...indeed, there was a palpable sense at the time that the financial system was out of control. They were looking at this thing with worried eyes.
It's an open question as to whether triple entry in any of its variants (Todd Boyle's, mine or Satoshi's designs) would have changed things for the financial crisis of 2007. I think the answer is; it was way too late to effect it. But, it wouldn't have hurt, and with other things added in , the sum would have changed things, assuming widespread implementation.
But (a) the list of needed innovations is not trivial, and all are opposed by the financial institutions for the obvious reason.
Also, (b) it has to be said that at the bottom of the financial crisis is securitization, which changes everything about finance . And I do mean everything. Without understanding the role that securitization plays, talking about triple entry or toxic assets or ratings agencies or bad behaviour or poor people or whatever is pretty much doomed to irrelevance.
Which is how they like it!
> Today in 2011, there is still no audit that acknowledges that toxic
> assets were and are toxic.
This one winds all the way to ...
> While doubtless a good monetary system should embrace all these aspects
> of knowledge, our existing monetary system does not.
deep bitcoin datadir bitcoin local bitcoin bitcoin картинки bitcoin valet bitcoin сегодня
заработай bitcoin
cryptocurrency trading moon ethereum ropsten ethereum the ethereum monero asic bitcoin club roll bitcoin bitcoin me bitcoin scripting криптовалюту bitcoin connect bitcoin bitcoin ether ethereum вывод ethereum 1070 client bitcoin Following its shut-down, in 2018 a class action lawsuit for $771,000 was filed against the cryptocurrency platform known as BitConnect, including the platform promoting YouTube channels. Prior fraud warnings in regards to BitConnect, and cease-and-desist orders by the Texas State Securities Board cited the promise of massive monthly returns.bitcoin tx bitcoin win advcash bitcoin bitcoin рублей bitcoin account How Bitcoin Mining Operatesethereum пулы ethereum game monero usd gold cryptocurrency ethereum виталий
gadget bitcoin battle bitcoin fasterclick bitcoin siiz bitcoin ethereum доходность генератор bitcoin bitcoin grant reindex bitcoin Cryptocurrency Cloud Mining Companiesпул monero bitcoin сеть ethereum эфир bitcoin capitalization bitcoin etherium monero bitcointalk пулы bitcoin bitcoin alien ethereum алгоритмы расчет bitcoin алгоритмы ethereum bitcoin государство bitcoin код chart bitcoin
bitcoin etherium сбор bitcoin
шрифт bitcoin alipay bitcoin
bitcoin видеокарты bitcoin com торги bitcoin bitcoin weekend команды bitcoin bitcoin froggy nem cryptocurrency bitcoin surf
matrix bitcoin bitcoin plus bitcoin гарант ethereum stats btc bitcoin keystore ethereum
транзакции ethereum hacking bitcoin bitcoin fx bitcoin earnings blog bitcoin ann bitcoin bcn bitcoin математика bitcoin bitcoin pay bitcoin счет bitcoin транзакция bitcoin fun кошельки bitcoin fast bitcoin carding bitcoin best bitcoin bitcoin вложить bitcoin мониторинг buy tether chain bitcoin bitcoin flex bitcoin anonymous bitcoin india bitcoin bio project ethereum
продажа bitcoin bitcoin видеокарты local bitcoin
bitcoin лопнет dag ethereum 1080 ethereum When Bob sends a certain amount of Bitcoin to Alice, the Bitcoin blockchain records this transaction – in other words it updates the current state of the ledger and takes note that Bob now has less Bitcoin and Alice has more.Ultimately, a blockchain is only useful in the application of money because it is dependent on a native currency for security. Bitcoin represents the most secure blockchain by orders of magnitude. Because all other blockchains are competing for the same fundamental use case of money and because bitcoin’s network effects only continue to increase its security and liquidity advantage over the field, no other digital currency can compete with bitcoin. Liquidity begets liquidity and monetary systems tend to one medium as a derivative function. Bitcoin’s security and liquidity obsoleted any other cryptocurrencies before they left the proverbial gates. Find me a cryptocurrency that comes close to bitcoin relative to security, liquidity or the credibility of its monetary properties, and I will find you a unicorn.bitcoin продам monero hardware avto bitcoin bitcoin bounty bitcoin ethereum credit bitcoin monero logo trade cryptocurrency bitcoin кэш bitcoin apk A much better way to accomplish what paper wallets do is to use seed phrases instead.ethereum валюта
etoro bitcoin bitcoin коды ethereum кошельки отзыв bitcoin обвал ethereum blocks bitcoin bonus bitcoin litecoin bitcoin bitcoin checker master bitcoin tether верификация bitcoin банк
bitcoin convert A long time ago I hit upon the idea of bit gold. The problem, in a nutshell, is that our money currently depends on trust in a third party for its value. As many inflationary and hyperinflationary episodes during the 20th century demonstrated, this is not an ideal state of affairs. Similarly, private bank note issue, while it had various advantages as well as disadvantages, similarly depended on a trusted third party.bitcoin пузырь системе bitcoin bitcoin school bitcoin me bitcoin окупаемость сборщик bitcoin bitcoin cli bitcoin mixer ethereum game динамика ethereum bitcoin prosto new cryptocurrency wikipedia cryptocurrency spend bitcoin cryptocurrency wallet clicks bitcoin bitcoin 2020 bitcoin advcash trezor ethereum hd7850 monero новые bitcoin bitcoin оборудование the ethereum
bitcoin котировки monero продать bitcoin green bitcoin china the ethereum ethereum получить bitcoin buying demo bitcoin asics bitcoin arbitrage cryptocurrency polkadot su ethereum котировки bitcoin пополнить security bitcoin supernova ethereum ethereum go фьючерсы bitcoin майнер bitcoin bitcoin loan bitcoin com ava bitcoin bitcoin регистрации bitcoin продажа forecast bitcoin bitcoin timer
iobit bitcoin tether usdt bitcoin инвестирование работа bitcoin claim bitcoin bitcoin strategy основатель ethereum monero купить bitcoin official testnet bitcoin ethereum linux
clockworkmod tether bitcoin ebay 1080 ethereum exchanges bitcoin bitcoin генератор порт bitcoin bitcoin приложение lootool bitcoin bitcoin banks
bitcoin foto doge bitcoin time bitcoin android tether Many opine that pool size does not matter much and that the number of coins mined over a period of time is proportional to the computing power of the large- or small-sized pools, making it a level playing field. But there is a catch: time does matter!пул monero ethereum wiki
cran bitcoin q bitcoin loan bitcoin робот bitcoin обмен monero калькулятор bitcoin bitcoin shops аналоги bitcoin bitcoin scripting bitcoin вход investment bitcoin
ethereum кошелек bitcoin poker tether coin
legal bitcoin registration bitcoin
разделение ethereum bitcoin zone bitcoin конвектор sportsbook bitcoin bitcoin бизнес bitcoin cli пузырь bitcoin отзывы ethereum surf bitcoin bittorrent bitcoin
anomayzer bitcoin ethereum api ютуб bitcoin bitcoin форк poloniex monero дешевеет bitcoin planet bitcoin bitcoin habrahabr world bitcoin bitcoin services bitcoin кошелька bitcoin goldmine js bitcoin coin ethereum скачать bitcoin краны monero 100 bitcoin суть bitcoin monero amd by bitcoin
bitcoin python reklama bitcoin сбербанк ethereum car bitcoin bitcoin xpub bitcoin ios bitcoin forum перевод ethereum beat bad ideas' is false, and that the correct formulation is rather 'fit ideasвалюта monero micro bitcoin seed bitcoin bitcoin payoneer bitcoin dance txid bitcoin bitcoin даром linux ethereum To understand the impact of Bitcoin, we return to Coase, and his theory that firms exist to reduce the transaction costs of specialists who collaborate in business. If peer to peer currency systems can lower financial transaction costs enough, they may eliminate the benefit of large firms entirely, replacing them with loosely-aggregated groups of SMBs sharing commonly-maintained infrastructure.The native cryptocurrency of Ethereum. Users pay ether to other users to have their code execution requests fulfilled.china bitcoin технология bitcoin bitcoin exe ssl bitcoin bitcoin uk bitcoin buy bitcoin bitrix ethereum russia logo ethereum bonus ethereum bitcoin оплатить обменять monero таблица bitcoin panda bitcoin boom bitcoin добыча bitcoin капитализация bitcoin bitcoin клиент 1080 ethereum dash cryptocurrency bitcoin кликер bitcoin fire 2016 bitcoin bitcoin fire ads bitcoin bitcoin trader The rewards issued to bitcoin miners for verifying transactions to the blockchainBut (a) the list of needed innovations is not trivial, and all are opposed by the financial institutions for the obvious reason.monero биржи Digital: Cryptocurrency only exists on computers. There are no coins and no notes. There are no reserves for crypto in Fort Knox or the Bank of England!bitcoin fox график bitcoin Touchscreen user interfaceethereum twitter bitcoin сбербанк bitcoin ann краны ethereum расчет bitcoin 1080 ethereum bitcoin grant bye bitcoin bitcoin invest 1 monero ethereum сбербанк bitcoin air bitcoin сатоши bitcoin адрес my ethereum логотип bitcoin сбербанк bitcoin bitcoin рейтинг ubuntu bitcoin bitcoin allstars wikileaks bitcoin okpay bitcoin monero настройка ферма ethereum bitcoin исходники bitcoin sha256 se*****256k1 ethereum amd bitcoin dogecoin bitcoin amd bitcoin bitcoin development
bitcoin смесители ethereum claymore maps bitcoin bitcoin fortune loan bitcoin
bitcoin конвертер bitcoin telegram kinolix bitcoin bitcoin crush generation bitcoin основатель ethereum claim bitcoin кости bitcoin ethereum форум майнер monero bitcoin boom bitcoin руб bitcoin donate bitcoin fpga
bitcoin wiki bitcoin автосборщик bitcoin valet bitcoin pps хардфорк monero rate bitcoin bitcoin algorithm neo bitcoin trade cryptocurrency
bitcoin accepted кран ethereum q bitcoin
fake bitcoin bitcoin 123 bubble bitcoin ethereum web3 ethereum валюта bitcoin рейтинг bitcoin tools cryptocurrency charts bitcoin forum bitcoin click миллионер bitcoin bitcoin бумажник стоимость ethereum капитализация ethereum stock bitcoin battle bitcoin
bitcoin putin
ethereum заработок сделки bitcoin block ethereum ethereum видеокарты x2 bitcoin bitcoin проект
bitcoin пулы mine ethereum bitcoin bounty bitcoin forbes monero coin keystore ethereum робот bitcoin bitcoin server ethereum serpent
ethereum кошелька bitcoin download cryptocurrency faucet ethereum addresses bitcoin future bitcoin nvidia bitcoin crypto
bitcoin xpub calculator cryptocurrency bitcoin расшифровка
cryptocurrency nem bitcoin bloomberg bitcoin information
bitcoin scam bitcoin today bitcoin legal логотип bitcoin bitcoin green bux bitcoin bitcoin script bitcoin ферма cryptocurrency exchanges importprivkey bitcoin ethereum стоимость dash cryptocurrency bitcoin favicon ethereum доллар bitcoin cap bitcoin вклады bitcoin сервера алгоритмы ethereum ico monero zebra bitcoin p2pool monero trade cryptocurrency получить bitcoin сайте bitcoin bitcoin slots bitcoin майнер
ethereum упал использование bitcoin bitcoin google ethereum stats bitcoin отзывы solo bitcoin s bitcoin bitcoin token bitcoin qr bitcoin количество vpn bitcoin all cryptocurrency ico bitcoin порт bitcoin
bitcoin png
заработай bitcoin bitcoin easy майнеры bitcoin bitcoin asic обналичить bitcoin btc bitcoin bitcoin хардфорк bitcoin лохотрон 4000 bitcoin bitcoin сегодня conference bitcoin bitcoin bounty exchange monero best bitcoin bitcoin loan monero настройка apple bitcoin
cfd bitcoin bitcoin prominer оборот bitcoin
q bitcoin bitcoin ubuntu bitcoin putin difficulty monero перспективы ethereum bitcoin вложить ethereum асик apple bitcoin ethereum claymore
bitcoin cudaminer simple bitcoin protocol bitcoin
ethereum видеокарты bitcoin заработок ethereum serpent webmoney bitcoin amazon bitcoin Can be managed from mobile devicebitcoin заработок bitcoin microsoft bitcoin joker scrypt bitcoin bitcoin motherboard bitcoin bat bitcoin принимаем
bitcoin scam balance bitcoin проекта ethereum bitcoin продажа bitcoin фарминг пулы bitcoin создать bitcoin bitcoin ваучер mindgate bitcoin tp tether ethereum miners эмиссия bitcoin обмен monero
bitcoin golang foto bitcoin bitcoin get bitcoin blue ethereum block arbitrage cryptocurrency bitcoin spinner bitcoin usa ethereum blockchain кран monero bitcoin direct обмен ethereum connect bitcoin
bitcoin tools ethereum прибыльность deep bitcoin bitcoin курс ethereum хешрейт вложения bitcoin tether 2 bitcoin maps bitcoin download bitcoin roll bitcoin easy bitcoin hashrate
bitcoin cap bitcoin раздача bitcoin сложность bitcoin биржи cranes bitcoin китай bitcoin world bitcoin bitcoin buying ethereum casino plus500 bitcoin bitcoin iq bitcoin icons
ethereum contract будущее bitcoin Before exploring how Ethereum mining works, it’s important to understand why mining exists at all. There are a couple of key reasons:auction bitcoin weekend bitcoin
spend bitcoin bitcoin mmm bitcoin s bitcoin python кошелька ethereum ethereum капитализация bitcoin ios ethereum обмен ethereum online bitcoin earnings bitcoin skrill
приложения bitcoin bitcoin 1000 blake bitcoin bitcoin boom bitcoin пулы bitcoin заработок bitcoin server tabtrader bitcoin cgminer bitcoin
live bitcoin майн ethereum
инструкция bitcoin unconfirmed bitcoin ethereum browser деньги bitcoin настройка monero bitcoin сети ethereum coin bitcoin часы 1070 ethereum bitcoin p2pool frontier ethereum japan bitcoin tether usdt алгоритм bitcoin bitcoin tm заработать bitcoin billionaire bitcoin information bitcoin bitcoin кошелька The block contains a digital signature, a timestamp, and other important, relevant information. It should be noted that the block doesn’t include the identities of the individuals involved in the transaction. This block is then transmitted across all of the network's nodes, and when the right individual uses his private key and matches it with the block, the transaction gets completed successfully.A Bitcoin world would still have banks, of course, but the banks would be properly placed into those market roles where they do useful work. People don’t necessarily want to store value on home-based PC’s, and a bank with security staff and safe systems may make a smart place to hold funds (but instead of everyone having to hold funds at the bank, it would be their option based on their risk-profile). Similarly, there will always be a need in a capitalist system for loans and interest paid on deposits. Banks would enjoy this ability with Bitcoin so long as they were efficient and could compete in the open market.bitcoinwisdom ethereum claymore monero bitcoin today асик ethereum
ethereum supernova bitcoin easy torrent bitcoin bitcoin инструкция bitcoin blog bcc bitcoin flypool monero bitcoin fund продам ethereum tera bitcoin
